The Introduction Of Food Hygiene Health Essay

The Introduction Of Food Hygiene Health Essay These days, open are accentuate on food cleanliness. There are numerous food contamination cases happen as a result of poor food cleanliness principles. Food administration organizations are taking significant job in the best possible cleanliness standard. As Kashif Hussain(2005) expressed that, food cleanliness in a food administration activity is the duty of everybody working in that foundation so as to forestall and decrease the danger of food borne sickness. This paper is proposed to contemplate the relationship of food cleanliness and clients buying practices among TARC Perak Branch Campus understudies. Food cleanliness is imperative to each eatery. Keeping up standard cleanliness in a café may bring about great notoriety and increment eatery table turnover rate. A legitimate cleanliness standard in eatery may impact clients buying practices. 1.2 Background of examination Kampar is a town which situated in Perak, Malaysia. In the early time, Kampar is a town which rich with tin holds. Subsequent to building TAR College and University, the openings for work in Kampar are expanded particularly for food and drink business. Among the café business in Kampar, there are some of eatery proprietor didn't have legitimate cleanliness information or didn't have any significant bearing the sanitation information while working their business. The absence of worry of cleanliness will straightforwardly influence the wellbeing of Kampar inhabitants just as Kampar understudies, for example, food borne sickness. 1.3 Problem Statement Articulation of issue is to consider the connection between food cleanliness and clients buying practices among TARC understudies. Food cleanliness is significant for any food administration industry. Great rehearsing in cleanliness standard can assist with improving the café notoriety, clients buying conduct and the most significant issue is decreased the danger of food borne sickness. 1.4 Objectives of the investigation The goals in this examination endeavored to accomplish the accompanying: 1. To examine how utilization of HACCP impact the buying conduct among Kampar understudies 2. To explore the connection between food borne disease and buying conduct among Kampar understudies 1.5 Research Questions 1 Will Application of HACCP impact buying conduct among Kampar understudies? 2. Will factor of food borne disease impact the buying conduct among Kampar understudies? 1.6 Research Hypothesis 1. Use of HACCP impact the Kampar understudies buying conduct 2. Food borne disease will impact Kampar understudies buying conduct. 1.7 Significance of Research This investigation will be a rule for the café business to comprehend that the significance and utilization of food cleanliness in an eatery. Other than that, this examination will give chance to individual, who associated with eatery industry to see progressively about food cleanliness, and the correct route during the time spent getting ready, putting away and serving the nourishments which alright for human utilization. 1.8 Scope and confinements of examination This examination is centered around food cleanliness and clients buying conduct. The zone of this exploration was in Kampar eatery and TARC Perak Branch Campus understudies are the populace for this examination. There are a few restrictions looked in this examination. Analyst are confronting issue when discovering diaries to help the exploration theme on the grounds that the greater part of the diary are old. 1.9 Operational Definition of Terms Food Hygiene, dangers, HACCP, Food borne sickness Section 2 Writing Review 2.1 Introduction of food cleanliness Instructive Foundation of the National Restaurant Association (1992) characterizes food cleanliness as the creation and upkeep of refreshing or sterile conditions. In a food administration circumstance, the word food cleanliness implies healthy food, took care of and arranged such that, the food isn't defiled with sickness causing specialists. The World Health Organization 2002 expressed that, sanitation is an inexorably significant general medical problem and deficient sanitation control was a key supporter of the 2.1 million passings from diarrhoeal malady comprehensively in 2000. Keyvan Amjadi (2005), yearly gauges for industrialized nations show that there are up to 30% of the populaces are influenced by food borne disease every year. Kashif Hussain(2005) expressed, food cleanliness in a food administration activity is the obligation of everybody working in that foundation. Legitimate food cleanliness is known as stimulating, clean and security condition, and wonderful working co nditions. Saunders (1991) expressed that, everyone must eat to endure and sanitation is viewed as imperative to customers. Mossel (1992) add on that, a disparity between therapeutically recognized dangers and sanitation hazards as apparent by the buyer. Shapman and Shapman,(1992), Waites and Arbuthnott, (1991) add on that, numerous instances of food contamination happen because of inability to control development of pathogens in nourishments, however with due steadiness at all phases in the natural pecking order this is generally preventable 2.2 Definition of food cleanliness The World Health Organization (2006) characterize food cleanliness as all conditions and measures important to guarantee the security and appropriateness of food at all phases of the natural way of life. Malcolm Tatum (2012), foodâ hygiene is utilized to depict the capacity and readiness of nourishments so as to ensure that, foodâ is ok for human utilization. Malcolm Tatum (2012) includes, food cleanliness is typically alludes rehearses at an individual or family status, while the food sanitation regularly alludes to sorts of techniques at the business level inside theâ food industry. Malcolm Tatum (2012) additionally makes reference to that there are a few stages are should have been accentuation and follow likewise so as to keep up the food cleanliness. The means should be concern are incorporated washing hands before handlingâ food, legitimate capacity ofâ foodâ before use, ensure that all serving dishes are perfect and liberated from contaminants while setting up the food and finally keeping up a spotless domain. 2.3 HACCP Eunice Taylor, (2008) characterize Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) as a hazard based administration framework which intended for guarantee the microbiological security of food fabricated for use in the United Stated kept an eye on space missions of the 1960s. Eunice Taylor (2008) add on that, HACCP has become the universally perceived arrangement of overseeing sanitation and its utilization has been stretched out to control the full scope of organic, synthetic and physical perils since that time. BenEmbarek (2002) characterize HACCP as a development in current innovation, creating wellbeing food and keeping it security stays an overall general medical issue with disease brought about by the utilization of debased food portrayed as the most across the board medical issue now a days. Codex (1997) expressed that, the frameworks of the HACCP building square are created through utilization of the universally concurred HACCP Principles. Motarjemi (1999) and Kaferstein (1999) expressed that, the HACCP framework will assist with keeping from food borne sickness flare-ups just on the off chance that it is comprehended and applied it effectively. Motarjemi (1999) and Kaferstein (1999) add on, there are not many records of food borne ailment episodes in which a food organization working with full responsibility and comprehension of the HACCP framework has been included. Motarjemi(1999) and Kaferstein (1999) accentuation that, food-borne ailment would not happen if HACCP framework is applied accurately. While Motarjemi and Kaferstein (1999) contend with this perspective and expressed that positive outcomes might be normal when the HACCP framework has been applied accurately, it is likewise important to set up methods of estimating HACCP adequacy that are not founded exclusively on review examination of flare-up information. 2.4 Food borne ailment Joined Stated Food and Drug Administration (2000) found that most of food borne sicknesses can be cause to five hazard factors which included insufficient cooking, food from risky sources, ill-advised holding temperatures, poor individual cleanliness and defiled hardware. By and large the causes to food borne ailments can be separated into three particular classes of dangers, which included natural, synthetic, and physical. Instructive Foundation of the National Restaurant Association (1992) characterizes the three classifications of peril. From the wellsprings of Educational Foundation of the National Restaurant Association (1992), Biological danger is characterized as infections, hurtful microorganisms, parasites or growths. While for concoction danger, Educational Foundation of the National Restaurant Association (1992) characterized this term as sullying of food with food administration synthetic concoctions and compound substances containing in food. For physical risk, is nearne ss of remote thing that shouldn't be a piece of a food item. Knight and Lendal (1989) call attention to some basic offenses of food dealing with in social blunders and driving activity that can prompt episodes of food borne sicknesses in food and refreshment tasks. The basic offenses that Knight and Lendal (1989) called attention to included inability to appropriately cook, warm or cool nourishments to legitimate temperatures, food sources arranged ahead of time or over a day prior to serving, crude defiled fixings joined into food sources that get no further cooking, food permitted to stay at microscopic organisms hatching temperatures and in conclusion representatives who practice poor individual cleanliness, 2.5 Proper treatment of food NHMRC (2003) said that, legitimate treatment of food during all phases of its arrangement and capacity is factor in diminishing the danger of food borne sickness. (Redmond and Griffith, 2003) concur with this perspective and extra, a deliberate audit of sanitation considers distinguished that purchaser usually execute hazardous food-dealing with practices during residential food planning. Jay et al. (1999) and Jevsnik et al. (2008) have done a perception exploration and discovered that inappropriate and rare hand-washing methods are normal in Australian fo

The electric guitar is an important cultural icon of the twentieth Essay

The electric guitar is a significant social symbol of the twentieth century - Essay Example This The electric guitar is a significant social symbol of the twentieth century paper traces the effect of the electric guitar's advancement on the music's history. As music got well known in the twentieth century, there was a need to have instruments with uproarious volume that catches melodic execution. The development of electric guitar caught melodic execution and pulled in various crowds to music. In 1930s, it was apparent that productive jazz craftsmen, for example, Aynsley Dunbar and George Duke utilized electric guitars in their exhibition. The instrument turned into a need to pull in countless crowds. During that period, numerous electric guitars were sold. A portion of the electric guitar pioneers of the 1930s and 1940s incorporate specialists, for example, Jazzmen, Oscar Moore, and Eddie Durham, nation pickers Merle Travis and Noel Boggs, Muddy Waters, and T-Bone Walker. These specialists focused on the new electric sound, which caught a large number of their crowd. Durin g the 1930s, jazz and nation artists, for example, Charlie Christian understood that the electric guitar had the capacity to contend and group music execution. Having lost confidence and expectation in the American dream, numerous youthful craftsmen utilized the electric guitar in their exhibition to communicate their sentiments of receptiveness, disarray, new thoughts, and new ways. Numerous craftsmen understood that the electric guitar was a symbol of the twentieth century and the most relevant outlet to communicate contemplations and sentiments about what was happening during that period. Guitar legends, for example, Jimi Hendrix, Jeff Beck, and Eric Clapton built up inventive and better approaches to communicate with the electric guitar. These craftsmen guaranteed that their music and instrumentation caught numerous individuals to consider American strategies and dreams that were lost during the Vietnam and cold war. The electric guitar turned into a symbol to communicate musing s on hostile to war messages. The sound and songs of the electric guitar pulled in a great many people to music, which by that time was a ground-breaking vehicle of correspondence (Sokolow 2008, p78). For example, different types and gatherings grasped the electric guitar to communicate their messages, for example, the social liberties and women’s rights development. Dark guitarists, for example, B.B King investigated blues music with their electric guitar and this helped them to communicate their mistake in America and their tribulations and preliminaries. Ladies, for example, Bonnie Raitt plainly showed how the electric guitar was a symbol of the twentieth century. In her music execution, Raitt utilized the instrument to communicate her contemplations on how ladies were separated in the general public and denied their privileges to practice human and financial force. In many shows, Raitt and King utilized electric guitar to communicate the most profound needs that influence d the network, for example, prejudice, segregation, and

Book Riots Deals of the Day for March 8th, 2019

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Social Contract Theory And The Transition From State Of...

I’m going to discuss the Social Contract theory, and how the transition from State of Nature to government was considered a contract. Was there ever a timeframe when men lived outside of social orders and how was it? , How did men get away from that period and go into another time of social orders? Was it through power or shared understanding? Once a type of government is picked or selected, who runs it and is the privileges of the individual safeguarded? Social contract hypothesis, almost as old as theory itself, is the perspective that persons ethical and/or political commitments are needy upon an agreement or assention among them to shape the general public in which they live. Socrates uses something very like a social contract contention to disclose to Crito why he must stay in jail and acknowledge capital punishment. Be that as it may, social contract hypothesis is rightly connected with present day moral and political hypothesis and is given its first full article and g uard by Thomas Hobbes. After Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are the best-known defenders of this gigantically compelling hypothesis, which has been a standout amongst the most overwhelming speculations inside of good and political hypothesis all through the historical backdrop of the current West. In the twentieth century, moral and political hypothesis recaptured philosophical energy as a consequence of John Rawls Kantian rendition of social contract hypothesis, and was trailed by newShow MoreRelatedConceptions of the Social Contract Theory924 Words   |  4 Pagesown version of the social contract theory. The social contract theory is a treaty or an agreement that developed a set of laws, organized a functional society, and created the need to be governed. It was put into place when man realized that there was no law. 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This quote is still used today, and isRead MoreEmmanuel Kant and Moral Theory1589 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatest contributions to moral theory is t he concept of pure practical reason that, as an alternative to moral sense theory or teleological ethics, more positively views the capability of fallible individuals to act morally. Practical reason, the basis of Kantian metaphysics, was revolutionary because it challenged skepticism towards human moral capacities and insisted that the moral faculty is an implicit part of common human reason. Practical reason is an instrumental theory in Kants Metaphysics of

Taking a Look at Sustainable Woods - 1299 Words

INTRODUCTION Sustainability is a term that describes how environmental critical systems remain diverse and productive over time. Sustainability for humans is the ability to save the quality of life that we live in the long term and this in turn depends on the conservation of the natural world and the responsible use of natural resources. The term sustainability has become widespread and can be applied to almost every facet of life on Earth, from the local level to the global level and over different periods of time. Wetlands and healthy forests are examples of critical systems sustainable. The courses biochemical hidden redistributes water, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon in living systems and non-living in the world, and has secured a permanent life for millions of years. But with the increasing number of people, inhabitants of this land, descended natural ecosystems and the change in the balance of natural cycles have a negative impact on both humans and other living systems. There is scientific evidence that many human lives in an unsustainable manner, and that the re- human use of natural resources to within sustainable limits will require a major collective effort. The livelihood sustainability more can take many types ranging from reorganizing living conditions (for example, villages environmental, towns and environmental and the Sustainable Cities) and re-evaluation of the economic sectors (perm culture, green buildings and sustainable agriculture) or work practicesShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Supply Chain Business Operations1549 Words   |  7 PagesPositive strategy which focuses on 3 areas (IKEA Group, 2014). The first area of focus is to get customers on board with living a more sustainable life at home (IKEA Group, 2014). For example, promoting products and solutions that allow customers to save energy and reduce waste at a low price. 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A Marxist Analysis of the Accra Mall Free Essays

3rd December, 2012. Marxist analysis of the Accra Mall Marxist describes the power struggle between different social classes in society. Marxism is further explained by certain concepts, such as ideology and hegemony, base and superstructure and reification. We will write a custom essay sample on A Marxist Analysis of the Accra Mall or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ideology is a set of ideas or viewpoints that one social class has of another which influences the way they behave towards each other while hegemony refers to the way people act based on the ideas or ideologies that they hold and act out regarding other classes. Base and superstructure refers to the system whereby the working class, which represents the majority of the people, is ruled by the few, the owners of the sources of production. Marxism in essence can be seen in all walks of life and in various parts of our society. The Accra mall in Greater Accra is one such place. The Accra Mall is more than just an avenue to shop. The Accra Mall is the place to see and be seen. It is strategically located at the very tip of the Spintex Road, at the Tetteh Quashie Roundabout, in close proximity to a number of hotels, high end residential apartments and corporate buildings. In essence the mall caters to a certain class of people; the affluent in the Ghanaian society. It contains about twenty or so shops with mostly overpriced goods. There is a food court located right in the middle of the shopping mall with a playground for children. The mall’s general ambience, of money, expensive food, high end clothing and a large parking lot, usually overcrowded with flashy and expensive cars gives one a good idea of what to expect in the mall. The air of spending is further heightened by the presence of the numerous automated teller machines (ATM) placed at one part the mall. The neighborhood and the mall in general gives a clear cut distinction of who they serve and who serves them- it caters for the rich and wealthy that are served by the working class or the poor. The large parking lot mentioned earlier, constantly has a greater ratio of flashy cars to a very small number of not so nice cars. Without a doubt, it is evident that the mall is frequented by the upper classmen, or those who can afford to drive them. The price tags does not encourage the lower class to frequent the place because the products or items sold at the mall are above the financial means of a person for instance, the price of a bottle of soda at Rhapsody’s, one of the restaurants is ludicrously expensive and hence caters to the high class or the middle class that can spend extravagantly. On the other hand a restaurant like Pizza Inn prices the goods somewhat moderately to cater to all the classes. Another case is of two supermarkets, Game and Shoprite. It is common to see people coming out Game with few items. In contrast, Shoprite prices their goods that most people could at least buy a cookie from their bakery or a little toy for their children or a plate of nicely decorated and somewhat tasty meals. The people in the mall fall into two categories, as society dictates; the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The proletariat is made up of the janitors, the shop attendants, security guards and basically people who are not likely to spend in the mall. The other group, mainly made up of the business men and women, doctors and lawyers are mainly the customers; the proletariat. The shop attendants, the janitors and security guards depend on the purchasing and patronized services of the customers, in this case the bourgeoisie, to spend at the mall, so that they can earn money. The bourgeoisie are catered to by the proletariat at the mall. They serve them at the mall and are the people who work â€Å"behind the scenes† to make things the way they are for the bourgeoisie to enjoy. The proletariats on the other hand are employed by the bourgeoisie and depend on them for their livelihood. At the Accra Mall, there is a general reaction by the shop owners and the other people, based on the way people look. People are profiled into either whether they are of high class or a low class, in other words, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The society has a way of classifying people by the way they dress. If your clothes appear trendy or fashionable enough then you must be in the upper class. The proletariats on the other hand are looked down upon immediately because they are judged to be the lower class based on their dressing and are hence treated as potential shoplifters or people up to no good. Marxism permeates all areas of our society; healthcare, in education and in a number of other aspects of life. The Accra Mall is one such place. People of all sorts can be identified here, and there in lie the groups of the bourgeoisie and proletariat. There is a constant, somewhat passive struggle for power. While the bourgeoisie (the rich, upper class, wealthy customers) continue to revel in their spending and high end lifestyle, the proletariat (the janitors, the security guards and staff in general) work long hours to try to attain a respectful position in life, to become like the bourgeoisie. As long as the society continues to go on in this manner, Marxist theory of power struggle will continue to be relevant in explaining such conflict. How to cite A Marxist Analysis of the Accra Mall, Essay examples

What use of the supernatural does Shakespeare make Essay Example For Students

What use of the supernatural does Shakespeare make Essay to determine the course of action in the playWhat use of the supernatural does Shakespeare make to determine the course of action in the play?To understand the involvement of the supernatural in Macbeth we must understand the circumstances in which the play was written in 1606 When Queen Elizabeth I was on her deathbed Shakespeare wrote Macbeth he did this for two reasons. Firstly the newly appointed king to be (James I) was very superstitious and had actually written a book about witchcraft, Secondly at the time people were very suspicious and believed in witch craft a lot and therefore it would not have sounded out of place to say that witches could influence the death of kings, thirdly King James I was actually a descendent of Banquo, except that in real life Banquo had actually killed king Duncan, but this would have not pleased James I and so in Shakespeares version of Macbeth, Banquo is innocent so that Shakespeare could get on the good side of the king. We will write a custom essay on What use of the supernatural does Shakespeare make specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the play â€Å"Macbeth†, there were many interesting sections, which could be concentrated on due to the suspense and the involvement of the supernatural. The use of the supernatural in the witches, the visions, the ghost, and the apparitions is a key element in making the concept of the play work and in making the play interesting. Looking through each Act and Scene of the play, it is noticed that the supernatural is definitely a major factor on the play’s style. The use of the supernatural occurs at the beginning of the play, with three witches predicting the fate of Macbeth. This gives the audience a clue to what the future holds for Macbeth. â€Å"When the battles lost and won† (Act I, Scene I, l.4) Was said by the second witch. It says that every battle is lost by one side and won by another. Macbeth’s fate is that he will win the battle, but will lose his time of victory for the battle ofhis soul. After the prophecies of the witches’ revealed the fate of Macbeth, the plan in which to gain power of the throne is brought up. MACBETHSpeak, if you can: what are you?First WitchAll hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, thane of Glamis!Second WitchAll hail, Macbeth, hail to thee, thane of Cawdor!Third WitchAll hail, Macbeth, thou shalt be king hereafter!BANQUOGood sir, why do you start; and seem to fear Things that do sound so fair? I’ the name of truth, Are ye fantastical, or that indeed which outwardly ye show? My noble partner you greet with present grace and great prediction of noble having and of royal hope, that he seems rapt withal: to me you speak not. If you can look into the seeds of time, and say which grain will grow and which will not, speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear your favours nor your hate. First WitchHail!Second WitchHail!Third WitchHail!First WitchLesser than Macbeth, and greater. Second WitchNot so happy, yet much happier. Third WitchThou shalt get kings, though thou be none:So all hail, Macbeth and Banquo!First WitchBanquo and Macbeth, all hail!(Act 1, Scene 3, ll48-65)The only way to gain power of the throne was for Macbeth to work his way to the throne, or to murder King Duncan. Murdering the king was an easier plans since the motivation in his dreams urged him on. .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527 , .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527 .postImageUrl , .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527 , .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527:hover , .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527:visited , .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527:active { border:0!important; } .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527:active , .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527 .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0220d05d27602bcf3f678630db9aa527:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: General Synopsis Of Philosophy EssayLady Macbeth also relied on the supernatural by her soliloquy of calling upon the evil spirits to give her the power to plot the malefic murder of Duncan without any remorse or conscience. Of direst cruelty; make thick my blood, stop up the access and passage to remorse, that no compunctious visitings of nature shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between th effect and it! Come to my womans breasts, and take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers, wherever in your sightless substances you wait on natures mischief! Come, thick night, and pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, that my keen knife see not the wound it makes, nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark, to cry, Hold, hold!Enter MacbethGreat Glamis! Worthy Cawdor! Greater than both, by the all-hail hereafter! Thy

Consumer Behaviour in Jewellery Essay Example

Consumer Behaviour in Jewellery Essay Example Consumer Behaviour in Jewellery Essay Consumer Behaviour in Jewellery Essay According to the research conducted by Centre for Comparative Studies: 70% of consumers in Cochin and 38% in Delhi chose Gold as their major investment option. The primary reason being stable nature of gold, and also the high returns involved. Reason for Buying:- The preferences of Indian consumer for gold Jewelry have also changed with time. Consumers prefer lightweight, affordable and designer Jewelry more. The reason for buying primarily has been personal consumption. Gifting Jewelry in marriage is also another significant reason but it is mostly in marriages. Modern Women Shoppers:- As the Indian women are becoming more economically independent, the anemographic of the Jewelry market are changing. They are mostly young in the age group of 25 to 30 years. Among them the salaried women prefer Jewelry that they can wear everyday at their workplace while married women prefer Jewelry suited for religious and wedding occasions. What women buy:- It has been observed that bangles being the most preferred ornament having a share of 48%, followed by rings which capture 21% of share. Also women in lower age groups, predominantly prefer buying rings than other products. As per the survey conducted by FOCI, Ceremonial and bridal wear is the primary reason for gold eying. And this segment brings in maximum revenue for the sellers. Heavy buying buy the consumers in the form of sets takes places in the marriage seasons. Regional Preferences of Indian Consumers:- It has been observed that around 65% of the revenue comes from Southern and Western regions of the country. Pendants, Rings and Necklaces have been primarily considered as the lead categories across the nation. References: https://news. Colleges. Com/Schoolmaster/1339531200. Photo://www. Foci. Com/ supplement/20332/Linda-Jewelry-Review-2013. Updraft://online. Was]. Com/public/ sources/documents/Linda Counterinsurgencys. Updraft://www. Nonresistance. Com/ about/press/articles/10205a61-bed-4791-AAA-dada fatwood https:// www. Newbie. Com/Newbie/content/en/Newbie-gold-analysis? Did=152703;son=Detail Consumer Behavior Silver Jewelry The Silver Jewelry market occupies an important place in the Indian Gems and Jewelry market. It is one of the oldest sector and still a good prospect of growth. It is indeed richly entwined in Indians culture and tradition. Consumer behavior in the silver Jewelry industry concerns mainly the mental and physical behavior of individuals and groups regarding the use, maintenance, disposal, and status in the market. Throughout the sass, and the process of the liberalizing of the market, silver appeared to have a secure position in the Indian Jewelry industry. But there are different buying patterns of consumers that has led to the growth of this industry. Broadly the silver Jewelry in Indian context can be divided into three main categories as Every day wear, Special occasions wear Wedding wear Though the percentage of silver Jewelry in wedding wear is negligible as it is Gold and Diamond which is prominent in it. The different consumer behavior affecting the silver Jewelry industry are: Price: Since Silver is Jewelry is affordable to most people, it is one of the preferred metal. Also this price factor attracts a lot of youngsters and students these days. Moreover the antique and new designs brings variety into their collection. Design: These days silver Jewelry has taken a shift from traditional image to new western jewelry. Silver Jewelry with gold plated and silver Jewelry with diamond studded not only makes the price affordable, but it also gives the same design which was earlier very expensive for them. Moreover the technology advance has led to decrease in the tarnishing of silver Jewelry. Influence of family and friends: There is high influence of family and friends in silver Jewelry as it is not advertised much on TV and other media but through word of mouth. People buy it more from their traditional old places and continue for long time. Display: Displaying the Jewelry in the right way that it attracts more and more consumer always plays an important role especially when people go for window shopping these days. The domestic shops also renovate their shops to display the designs in more attractive manner. Ease of reach Convenience is the new mantra for people with busy schedule and want everything at their doorstep. Also the demand has grown so more and more retailers for silver jewelry has come up to cater to the demand of people. Diamond Jewelry Diamond usage has evolved significantly throughout the history. It directly reflects the view of consumer towards the precious stone. In past, diamonds were used by royal family to adorn their crowns and attires. Hence diamond was always seen as the symbol of status, wealth and power. Heavy prices and perception about diamond pet it away from the reach of masses. Few brands like Gill has identified this gap and positioned their brand as affordable diamond in 1994. It changed the consumer perspective and people started looking towards it as an accessory and not only investment option. Traditional positioning of gold as Jewelry metal in India since ancient time has prevented the penetration of diamond in the Jewelry sector since long. But this trend is changing now with changing lifestyle of the people. The share of diamond and platinum Jewelry is expected to reach about 30-35% of the total gold leery sales in the year 2015. Type Diamond is mostly popular in rings. It is also been used in ear rings and pendants. Since ages diamond has been chosen as the most preferred option for engagement ring. Brands have come up with exquisite designs in this types to attract young and professional users. Few brands have been strategically targeting bridal segments offering heavy Jewelry like Viva brand by Agitating Jewels. As the number of working women office goers has increased with time, there has been considerate demand for new designs- more elegant and light, than traditional heavy designs. Gold Price Frequently fluctuating prices of gold and silver is also drawing customer towards diamond Jewelry. People are now also seeing diamond as an option to invest rather than gold/silver as it is less dependent on dollar-rupee behavior. In 2013 diamond jewelry demand has grown by 25% compare to the previous year, with similar increase in all type of diamond Jewelry. Rising price of gold and change in lifestyle of Indian women, is driving the demand for diamond Jewelry. To address this demand jewelers are also promoting more and more diamond Jewelry. At the time of Tanners, 2013; about 76% of Jewelers are focusing on diamond and platinum jewelry rather than traditional gold Jewelry. (Tanners is one of the major occasion for buying Jewelry in India). Display Display also plays an important role in consumer preference. With the entry of brands, diamond Jewelry are more strategically promoted by retailing policy. Many brands have gone for Shop-in-shop, Multi Brand Outlet and Single Brand Outlet. Shop-in-shop method has brought the Jewelry in eyes of the young people as the new designs not only goes with traditional attires but also with the western and casual clothes. Brand Two decades after introduction of brands in this industry, unrecognized sector still owns the major fraction of this field. Though brands have considerably influenced the choice of consumers. Awareness regarding the certified Jewelry has increased considerably. It is one of the major factor for people going towards branded Jewelry. Also retail shops providing all the design at one stop is an attractive feature for the people with busy schedule. Ease Online shopping is also trending. Brands like Tannins (tannins. Co. In/shop-online) and Agitating (www. Citing]Allison. Com) maintain their online shopping website. Also there are other websites available like Amazon. Com and www. Correlate. Com/Resources: https://www. Commas. Org/press/shown-archive. PH? D=consumers Behavior Platinum Jewelry In early sass Louis Carrier successfully created platinum Jewelry for King Edward VII of England. This was the entry of platinum as Jewelry into the Jewelry market. From then Queen Elizabeth, Hollywood actress and many more other celebrities wore platinum Jewelry which showcased platinum as luxurious Jewelry. In India Platinum Jewelry trend started a decade ago, but showed impressive results in growth rate. Platinum, a precious rare material and price being near to gold, people are inclining to buy it even though re-sell price is not clear. Age Group : Platinum Jewelry being pricey and rare metal, people buy this Jewelry to the persons who are very dear to them. These people come under the age of 18 to 38 years. Before consumers are either gifted by platinum or they bought platinum jewelry for themselves for special occasions like valentines day, engagement rings etc. But now platinum Jewelry became an everyday wear, many people are inclining to buy daily wear chains and pendants embedded with diamonds. Platinum jewelry consumers falls mostly under urban youngsters. Men Jewelry in Platinum is increasing at exponential rate. Consumers in India are looking at adornment part. India became 4th largest consumer of platinum Jewelry ,as platinum is not seen as investment by many people, consumers are using platinum Jewelry for modern look and adornment. Consumer reasons to buy : Growing Diamond Jewelry segment is one of the main reason for platinum Jewelry consumption increase. Diamonds and other precious stone are embedded into platinum, as platinum being durable and resistant for scratches. Women seek exclusivity in Jewelry. Every women wants a unique Jewelry; as platinum being pure white material, rare and eternal many professional and young women are buying platinum Jewelry for modern look. Men are not only buying platinum bands but the sales in chains and bracelets are increased in past few years. Awareness : Many youngsters are ready to buy platinum Jewelry over gold Jewelry because of the awareness crested in them. Similarly many people in the age group of 40-60 doesnt know much about platinum, they prefer traditional gold and silver Jewelry. Recent analysis show that even when there is a drop in gold price, there is no change in demand of platinum and platinum demand at the same time is growing exponentially. As awareness increases we can say that there will be further increase in demand for platinum Jewelry in future India. What Consumer Wants: Indian urban women is aware of current trends. As Jewelry plays an important role in womens life. Every women seeks Jewelry as self reward( buy herself) or as gift ( from their loved ones). These women prefer different metal, elegant style and intricate designs. Reasons 88201 5-1075690 Change in Needs: There are differences in why consumers needed Jewelry earlier and why they need it now. Some of them are: Office Culture: Compared to before, more of the female population comes under the working population. This has resulted in demand for new Jewelry products. Women now want lighter and more sophisticated Jewelry than ever before. This need is easily fulfilled by artificial Jewelry made of pearls, American diamonds, crystal and stone Jewelry. Weather Conditions: Due to overall increase in temperature because of environmental pollution, women mind it difficult to wear heavy Jewelry. In such a scenario, artificial Jewelry is a relief. Increasing Incidents of stealing: The incidents of Jewelry snatching have increased over the year. Women in such conditions prefer to wear artificial Jewelry over original while going out. Change in Perception: There has been a shift in the way people look at artificial Jewelry. Earlier people viewed it as an alternate to original Jewelry in case they were not able to buy the original. It was a cheaper alternate. However due to change in designs and availability of large varieties of artificial Jewelry, it has become must have if one wants to look trendy. It also fulfils the need of looking traditional without having to wear gold. Addition of Users: In addition to the usual consumer group of age 20 above, people in age group of below 20 years have also started to embrace artificial Jewelry. Kids need perfection today. And this perfection comes accessories themselves. Factors Influencing Purchase: The various factors that influence consumer choice during a purchase decision for artificial Jewelry are: Price of the product: Consumer easily shift brands if they get similar product at a cheaper rice. There is low brand loyalty. Look and feel of the product: The look and feel of the product play an equally important role. Until and unless the product meets a certain criteria (rough look, sophisticated look, original look, funky look), sale is difficult to come by. Durability: Consumers generally do not buy a product if they feel it will not last for long even if it is not very expensive. Need for the product: Although artificial Jewelry buying is spontaneous and impulse driven, if the price is high consumers do consider whether they actually need the product or not.

Anhydrous Compound Definition and Examples

Anhydrous Compound Definition and Examples Anhydrous literally means no water. In chemistry, substances without water are labeled anhydrous. The term is most often applied to crystalline substances after the water of crystallization is removed. Anhydrous can also refer to the gaseous form of some concentrated solutions  or pure compounds. For example, gaseous ammonia is called anhydrous ammonia to distinguish it from its aqueous form. Gaseous hydrogen chloride is called anhydrous hydrogen chloride to distinguish it from hydrochloric acid. Anhydrous solvents are used to perform certain chemical reactions that, in the presence of water, either cannot proceed or yield unwanted products. Examples of reactions with anhydrous solvents include the Wurtz reaction and the Grignard reaction. Examples Anhydrous substances exist in solid, liquid, and gas forms. Table salt is anhydrous sodium chloride (NaCl).Gaseous HCl is anhydrous, which differentiates it from hydrochloric acid, a solution of 37 percent HCl in water (w/w).Heating copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4 ·5H2O) yields anhydrous copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4). How Anhydrous Chemicals Are Prepared The method of preparation depends on the chemical. In some cases, simply applying heat can drive off water. Storage in a desiccator can slow rehydration. Solvents may be boiled in the presence of a hygroscopic material to prevent water from returning to the solution.

The UK economic crisis on businesses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The UK economic crisis on businesses - Essay Example The situation in the capital market was bad. The situation was further worsened by the fact that the housing loans were packaged as financial debt instruments and were sold in the capital markets. Companies around the world purchased the instruments and with the default of the loans, the instruments also became bad. Therefore, the economy overall was affected badly. (Walayat, 22nd August, 2007). The economy of the UK officially entered the recession with the decreased level of growth in two successive quarters. The Government and the banks helped the economy to face the tough situation with pumping in money and effecting rate cuts. This resulted in the Government borrowing money and thus was in a bad situation in the repayment of the loans. The companies were in a bad situation and they were looking to cut costs. There was huge job cutting among the companies and the unemployment reached massive levels. (Oxlade, 12th March, 2010; Bank warns of recession into 2009, 12th November, 2009 ). The recession was hard on the employees and the workers in different industries. The organizations restricted most of the benefits to the workers for cutting costs. A survey found that in the UK among a sample size of 704 organizations, 55% of the sample was planning to decrease the bonus and the pay or to freeze the process altogether. Among the sample size, 61% had no plans for recruiting new workers and 34% were contemplating on not recruiting the graduates. The labor market was in total disarray and the companies increased the off shoring process. The companies in order to cut costs were operating in flexible hours to allow the workers to work more. Bonus and incentives were not paid by most of the respondents. (Broughton, 10th August, 2009) . The situation was the same all over the world. Almost all the countries were more or less perturbed by the recession. Some of the major economies of the world were the most affected. In this paper, the countries of Japan and

Arbitration Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Arbitration - Coursework Example hen a law doctrine does not adequately serve the purpose of complementing the intended Act and the law keepers are unwilling to enforce the law contract as it is due to the jurisdiction nature: the doctrine can be said to be unfair due to creation of more ambiguity rather than providing an amicable solution. In the case of Hamlyn Versus Talisker, during the late 19th Century there was a burst of enthusiasm over a ruling that had been made through the separability notion in Germany. Scholars having gone through different types of contracts feel that the arbitral clause was contained in a broader agreement that was a procedural contract. With the law procedure being governed by the law forum, in the case of a contract, the contract ought to have been governed by another law in another part of the agreement1. Hence, in the case of Hamlyn Versus Talisker should have been enforcement of arbitration clause instead of the contract that had taken the center stage of the case. With the cited cases and other similar cases in France it can be concluded that the doctrine of separability is essential in guiding rulings based on main contract but in some cases it offers guidance that can be subject to criticism. In addition, there are some instances that the doctrine is void due to illegality that can be evidenced in the case of Harbor Assurance Versus Kansa. Therefore, separability doctrine should be rejected because it is not dependable unanimously, and it is

America and Multilateralism: A History

America and Multilateralism: A History Perhaps it is safe to surmise from the very beginning that there does not appear to be a country in the world that is not affected or has not been affected in one way or the other by the United States of America. Short of this, there most certainly does not remain in existence a country, people or society which has no knowledge, however limited, of the United States of America. No single day passes without the American power being addressed or diagnosed in one capacity or the other by the global media. Over time, but in particular, in more recent times, no other country’s political, domestic, economic defence or capabilities and abilities have been more studied or discussed than the extent at which America has been. In actual fact, it is safe to surmise that very few political issues today provoke such strong and diverse responses as the role of the United States of America in its attempt to re-shape world affairs.[1] The recent terrorist attack on America of grave consequence s, its reaction to it and the wars in Afghanistan as well as Iraq have intensified the debate about the nature and prospects of American super power. There remains a school of thought that continues to celebrate the United States’ achievements in proclaiming as well as bringing liberty, democracy and prosperity to every corner of the world. Others are more inclined towards condemnation of America’s pursuit of hegemonic status and its attempt to impose a single economic system and a narrow set of moral belief on other nations around the world. Whichever school of thought one belongs to re America’s performance on the international podium, most have arrived at the conclusion that the history of the twenty-first century will be determined to a large extent by the way American power is used, and by the way in which other major political players on the international front react to it. The nation has often been referred to as an imperial, an empire or hegemony. Most p eople still continue to perceive America as that democratic land of roses where ‘anything can happen’. Some still believe in, especially those outside the shores of the country and straining to one day be admitted into the great country, what they call the ‘American Dream’. It is supposedly a country where ‘anything is possible’. Often times however, America is no longer beheld with rose tinted spectacles. Given its recent history world over, this is hardly a surprise of any significance. The word which best comes to mind when America, that great nation is under discussion as it constantly is for diverse reasons, is hegemony. What, it might be useful to enquire at this juncture, is hegemony? In lay man’s terms, hegemony, succinctly put, is leadership by predominance (some might even say aggression) of smaller and weaker states or nations by naturally bigger nations in an effort to achieve world domination. Does America therefore stand ri ghtly accused of attempting to dominate the world through its conceptualisation of global politics, foreign policies and armed forces, or at least to dominate those nations which are considered smaller and weaker? It is common knowledge that while some countries practice communism or socialism, America was and remains a capitalist country where the motto right after ‘In God We Trust’ is a universally accepted but unspoken ‘survival of the fittest’. In the introductory words of G. John Ikenberry in his book ‘America Unrivalled’, â€Å"The pr-eminence of American power today is unprecedented in modern history. No other great power has enjoyed such formidable advantages in military, economic, technological, cultural or political capabilities. We live in a one-super power world, and there is no serious competition in sight†[2] These words immediately bring to mind perhaps the most controversial wars of all times and America’s gargantuan contribution or one might even dare say blatant single minded orchestration of the same, the Iraqi invasion (and on-going war till date) in 2003. It is worth reminiscing at this juncture how the world watched and waited with bated breath while the United Nations deliberated on whether or not the United States should be granted the authorisation to invade Iraq based on its reports about the so-called axis of evil and the weapons of mass destruction they supposedly had in the making which it further claimed posed un-foretold threats to the international world. It is yet another point in favour of the argument that America is fast becoming or indeed has all but attained the status of an hegemonic state that President George W. Bush announced to the world that regardless of the UN’s decision and that of its Member States, America will forge ahead in war against Ir aq and Afghanistan, alone if they had to. In his exact words, â€Å"†¦when it comes to our security, we really do not need anyone’s permission†[3] It was later argued that it would appear that even the United Nations, a so-called world moderator and international emblem of peace, is nothing but yet another tool in America’s already brimming tool box. Although at the time, this announcement from the Bush Administration sounded as arrogant and ‘above the law’ as it really was, there were many who felt America would be justified in its decision in the wake of the September 11 attack. September 11 2001 (hereafter referred to as 9/11) brought about the turning point in history, international law and the use of force against terrorism. The words of an American man considered very patriotic indeed comes to mind at this controversial stance of George W. Bush re brushing off the world’s opinion and/approval to its use of force in the name of figh ting terrorism. The man, none other than Richard Holbrooke, former United States ambassador to the United Nations, who once stated after careful observation, one should imagine, that the Bush administration threatens to make a â€Å"radical break with 55 years of a bipartisan tradition that sought international agreements and regimes of benefit to us†[4] Many years, loss of lives both civilian and military, reports of horrible treatments meted out to prisoners of war (PWO) by the American soldiers against every rule of Humanitarian Law and the Geneva Convention, America’s refusal to withdraw its troops even after the fall of Saddam Hussein (its greatest enemy) the question on everyone’s lips is whether the war was indeed for all the altruistic reasons quoted by America in its rather fabricated reports or for more reasons closer to home. The question can even be posed all the way back to Operation Desert Storm in the same Iraq in 1993. Did America invade Iraq on both occasions for economic gain and ultimately to place itself as the world’s super power. Although it appears now to the world that the Bush administration is the one responsible for dramatically drawing America away from multilateralism, a look back into the Clinton administration will confirm that this is not remotely true. Under the Clinton administration, America neither waited for the United Nation’s approval/authorisation before deploying the North Atlantic Treaty Operation (NATO) to Serbia in 1999 nor prior to its bomb attack on Iraq in 1998. There were also other Conventions, Acts and Treaties America rather conspicuously refrained from signing or ratifying such as the banning of further use of Land Mines (the Ottawa Convention of 1997). The difference perhaps would be where the Clinton administration adopted diplomacy in its delivery of such unilateral decisions; the Bush administration simply forges ahead with no regard for the world’s opinion, appro val or in most cases disapproval. In the era immediately after the World War (II), America’s strength was not only viewed during the war with the deployment of its armed forces, which later formed an alliance with the United Kingdom amongst others (the allied forces) but also after the war in its attempt to rebuild Germany as well as other war torn countries in the war aftermath. In this, America had strategised and was apparently successful in ensuring that the world did not revert to its closed regional dealings of the 1930s prior to the war. The founding of the United Nations on 24 October 1945 also saw to it that the beginning of what is now known as globalisation was established. A post war era of multilateral character and significance was thus built around economic and security agreements such as the Bretton Woods Agreement on monetary as well as trade relations among nations. The American-led NATO security pact followed much later. This international order which came into existence after the war (World War II) was effectively one which was multilateral in character. A more open system of trade and investments began to emerge, largely encouraged by America. Economic and security matters as well as political relations became indistinguishable and indivisible among nations in what is best described as an open world market or globalisation. This is evident in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as well as the Bretton Woods agreement earlier mentioned. An alliance tie emerged between the United States and the Great Britain in particular and the European continent in general in a scenario one could simply put in lay man’s terms ‘rub my back and I will rub yours’. America’s economic as well as security assistance to the Asian region is also worth mentioning. America ensured and continues so to do, that weaker and smaller states are afforded security assistance, protection and granted access to its markets, technology and country in general. In th e wake of America’s Green Card Lottery scheme, the support and admiration of other smaller states for which the scheme was intended and who continues to benefit from the same was firmly secured. In a similar vein after the world war, citizens of many nations flocked in their thousands to America from world over and started life over again after the war. In what is not unlike the stone age ‘trade by barter’ arrangement, the participating states in turn continue to ensure that political stability is maintained in their relationship with the United States, making available to America their diplomatic, economic and logistical support in return. For instance, America has training grounds in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, perhaps as a lasting result of Operation Desert Storm. Going back in history however, it remains indelible that there were 5 world super powers including America itself. How then can Ikenberry infer that America has no competition in sight in its steady climb to the top in the international hemisphere? Who were the other four super powers and what became of them? The five major contenders when the United Nations was founded in 1945 were Russia, Great Britain, China, and France. It is accurate to say that the cold war put paid to Russia’s contention with America. The Great Britain, as exhibited more recently under the Tony Blair administration is more or less a lap-dog to American’s policies and remains a rather very friendly ally than a potential contender. Yet it will be nothing short of fallacious argument to say that America has no contender or is without competition in one form or the other. Worth remembering as well is Germany and France’s initial reluctance as well as refusal to throw their weight behind the Ir aqi invasion in 2003. America’s hegemonic state is therefore not without challenges as well as challengers, it is however the multifaceted character of America’s power that makes the country so far reaching, daunting, provocative and formidable to less equipped and smaller countries. The collapse of the Soviet Union in the Cold War saw an acute decline in rival ideologies and even tighter alliances formed between the United States and other regions. Following the Cold War, America continued to grow from strength to strength. In the 1990s its economy was commendably and successfully restructured. Also growing in significant progression alongside its economy is its armed forces and global recognition as a state to reckon with. By the turn of the millennium, America’s economic and military growth had wedged a seemingly insurmountable gulf between itself and other major players in world politics. While the late 90s saw Japan’s economy grow by 9 per cent, the European Union altogether by 15 per cent, American economy grew by a significant 27 per cent, nearly doubling and tripling that of the other regions.[5] This did not go unnoticed by the rest of the world. In fact literally doffing his hat to the United States in a speech in Paris (1999), the French Foreign Minister, Hubert Vedrine, observed that the growth witnessed by the world in America â€Å"is not comparable in terms of power and influence to anything known in modern history†[6] America’s devotion to its armed forces can by no means be ignored. America boasts an army that is better equipped and out numbers the armed troops of well over 14 countries put together. There are training grounds for the United States army in well over 40 locations world wide. This automatically means that when another weaker or slightly less advantageous state envisages itself in trouble, the first point of call for protection and assistance, when and if necessary is the United States of America. In its usual confidential, bordering on arrogant manner America’s National Security Strategy declared to the world that their forces will be strong enough to dissuade potential adversaries/would-be challengers from pursuing a military build-up in hopes of surpassing, or even remotely equalling, the power of the United States.[7] It is not impossible or even unthinkable for America to utilise its military capacity to impose its policies on other states in different regions of the world. It has been observed already that America spends on its armed forces more than the next fourteen countries combined and that the U.S. military expenditures will shortly be equal to the rest of the world combined.[8] Another scholar of repute, Paul Kennedy, also surmised that it is already the case that all the other navies in the world combined could not dent American maritime supremacy.[9] Still on the issue of security, expressing his own opinion and an opinion apparently shared by many others world over, Barry Possen has suggested that the United States’ command of the sea, space, and air forces is the ‘key military enabler of the U.S. global power position’.[10] Assuming its economic growth remains as healthy as it has been since the 90s, the concentration of world military power may continue for several decades yet. Even at the current level of U.S. capabilities, it is the general view that ‘the United States can shoulder the burden of maint aining global security without much help from Europe’ or the rest of the world for that matter.[11] It begins to appear obvious that perhaps America’s initial support for multilateralism in international trade and globalisation was borne of a grander strategic move to acquire and retain more power while legitimately promoting international reliance of one state on the other, one region on others for support, growth and assistance. A quick glimpse at major historical turning points such as 1919, the end of World War II in 1945 and the period immediately after the Cold War all but confirms this logic. It would appear that America promoted multilateralism in such a strategic way so as to signal restraint and commitment from other states.[12] This precipitated the acquisition of support, if not actual trust, acquiescence and cooperation of other weaker states. But surely when one country is placed so much higher than others in the case of all animals are equal but some more than others, there naturally arises the problem of balance of power or even equality before the law. What the majority of member states may attempt with the United Nations and come out facing adverse repercussions for is the same thing the United States will not only attempt but carry out and come out smelling of roses. For the sake of this discussion, should one be given to a flight of fancy however fleetingly and imagine or a moment that a member state such as Ghana or Nigeria threatens the use of force against Cameroon and declares to the world that the same will be effected whether or not the United Nations and indeed the world approves of its actions. At the very least, economic sanctions will immediately be placed on such a country. However in the name and under the umbrella of 9/11 it would appear that America is permitted to do and undo whatever catches its fancy and of course promotes its economic as well as military growth. How else can one begin to explain the issue of thousands held prisoner at the US military operated prison and indeed a recreation of Camp Delta, Guantanamo Bay, for years with neither charges nor trial in the name of fighting terrorism? America claims not to have jurisdiction in Cuba to try these prisoners yet it has the power and the authority to imprison them in Guantanamo Bay. What, one is right to ask, happened to the universal (at least in democratic states) ‘writ of habeas corpus’? Another example of America’s marked shift from multilateralism to unilateralism and establishing itself as a super power above the rest of the world is again glimpsed shortly after the controversial invasion of Iraq in 2003, when America was quick to submit allegations against North Korea as well as Iran for also becoming threats to the international community as they were manufacturing nuclear weapons. In an ironical twist however, in 1998, Japan, perhaps once one of America’s closest allies, was reportedly furious with America when its officials unilaterally decided that funding for North Korean Nuclear reactors was to con tinue despite Japan’s complaints that North Korea was firing missile over its territory.[13] What then can possibly put an end to America’s domination of the international stage and its rise towards a super power of hegemonic characteristics? It has been established that the two most important factors in the growth of any nation; its economy and defence, remain the two areas where America continues to excel and prosper rendering it even more of a force to reckon with by other nations of the world. Is it then any wonder that many are of the school of thought that it is only a matter of time before America seeks to completely dominate the world and by so doing, simply crush out weaker states of the world. It is enough to alert the world that more than any other administration before it, the Bush administration is significantly departing from materialism especially on agreements dealing with arms control and proliferation. Multilateralism, as Ikenberry’s book posed the debate, does indeed seem to be on the decline in America’s policy and political stance. I t has become to America a selective game where multilateralism is embraced when it adds to the muscles in its already bulky biceps and unilateralism at every other turn. As America continues to systematically depart from multilateralism and promote more unilateralism in its foreign policies and decisions on security affairs affecting not only its boundaries (assuming such a word as ‘boundary’ exists in the American dictionary) but also spread ashore to other nations of the world, the world may very well be moving rather rapidly towards the final unravelling of America as a hegemonic nation. What and who in the world can then possibly challenge America’s hegemony? Surely it would take a large scale war or a crucial global economic crisis to challenge or even come close to threatening America’s hegemony. While this might be very well put and even precise in theory, surely either option will definitely have grave repercussions on the international community. However, Ikenberry argues in his book, ‘America Unrivalled’, that there are limits to the United States’ hegemony such as it stands at the moment. He is of the opinion that a complete hegemonic order would require not just preponderant capabilities but also some significant degree of acquiescence on the part of other states, especially the other major players in world politics for the maintenance of such order. Following the Cold war, America acquired the support and cooperation of one of the major players in that region, Japan. Japan was once America’s closest ally as a result of this, however even Japan is becoming resentful, as presumably are the rest of the world, at America’s increased unilateralism (as in the North Korean case mentioned above) and the selective choice of multilateralism only when it favours the nation in one form of economic or security purpose or the other. It is therefore not impossible that other major players in the world, on examining their alternatives on how to best rid America of its hegemonic status and by so doing release the unsuspecting world from American domination, may very well challenge its hegemonic position. Capitalising on the regional and international relationships once promoted by America, the other major super powers in the Asian Region and the European Union could orchestrate an over throw of America’s position as an hegemonic state or at the very least challenge the same. Not ignoring the power and importance of smaller or weaker states however, they would quite naturally also have to be involved. This however would be an all scale war, the magnitude, repercussion and significance of which will tremble the world perhaps more than every previous wars put together! Any would-be hegemonic challenger would most naturally have already arrived at the very same conclusion. Apart from the fact that every single one of these would-be challengers rely on the United States for one as pect of its sustenance or the other, it would take a lot of consideration, meetings, strategising and concrete persuasion to convince every member state of the necessity of such a global war. With its present and ever growing resources both at home and abroad, it is therefore only a matter of time before America, at whom the war is intended, becomes aware of the plans and builds up enough or adequate defence against the same. While it is not impossible that several nations of the world may come together and challenge America’s build up to hegemony, to say that the world may never recover from such a large scale war may perhaps be the understatement of the existence of mankind. In a brief state of fantasy, were one to assume that this large scale war does take place and does remove America from the pinnacle of power it currently occupies, there is no telling how many decades or even centuries it would take to rebuild a world of international trade and globalisation. Another da nger in that is another country seizing the opportunity and rising very rapidly to the throne of hegemony, in this instance however, a country not so democratically inclined as America, for instance, China. The world as we know it now may cease to exist as a result of such a war. It is now 2008 yet traces of the Second World War still remain evident in some areas in the Eastern part of Germany as one imagines it does in other affected parts of the world. If the argument here is then that a full blown war against America’s hegemony may do the world greater harm than good, what then can possibly stop America’s climb to the top of the world? As mentioned earlier, the strength of any nation lies in its economic as well as military growth. One, quite naturally, is not devoid of the other however as training camps, gears and facilities will be difficult to procure without a booming economy. Should the world then experience a global economic crisis, the like of which it is yet to ever experience, perhaps this will in a way also bring America to the same level as other countries or at least less dominant? In this present day, at least the European Union and America are experiencing an economic crisis that has been likened to the worst in many decades till date. The Great Britain’s Royal Bank of Scotland recently announced that the country is indeed in recession. China and Japan have also reported major decline in sales and poor performances on their Wall Street equivalent. Japan has actually announced to the world, like Great Britain, that it is indeed in the middle of a torrid recession. While this economic crisis may very well be unpleasant and indeed wrecking a lot of harm on the economy of the countries involved, it will take much more than this to cripple America or to reduce its hegemonic status. Even at this point in time, the US Dollar continues to rise against the British Pound and the Euro. Should the world experience an economic crisis of such negative significance that all the major states as well as even the ones considered smaller and weaker are effectively affected, America’s hegemony, in my humble opinion, will most certainly be thoroughly challenged. This will be brought about by the fact that the international community in a bid to survive and revert to some semblance of normality will be forced to depend one on the other for that means to survival, America included. Such a scenario will almost take the world back in history to the early days when the advantages of globalisation and inter dependence of nations on one another was first discovered. Such an economic crisis w ill render it almost impossible for states to continue to concentrate on military training and equipments. One should imagine that nations will be more concerned with the immediate welfare of their people such as housing, medical care and social services as undoubtedly unemployment will rise astronomically in the face of an economic crisis of any significant magnitude. From everything hereinabove appearing and the examination of different (learned) opinions as well as scenarios, it is therefore perhaps appropriate to conclude by agreeing with the debate that should a full blown war orchestrated by would-be challengers of America’s hegemonic state fail, surely an economic crisis of significant global scale will not only challenge but also probably, however temporarily, bring an end to America’s hegemony. America will be forced to revert to the multilateralism way of international politics and to abandon unilateralism in a bid to promote globalisation and a closer knit international community. Bibliography John, G. Ikenberry, ‘America Unrivalled: The Future of the Balance of Power’ (Cornell University Press, 2002) John, Ikenberry, ‘Is American Multilateralism in Decline?’ Perspectives on Politics 1:3 (2003) ‘Hegemony or Empire’ The Redefinition of US Power under George W. Bush, Edited by Charles-Philippe David and David Grondin (2006) Richard Little, Michael Smith, ‘Perspectives on World Politics’ Ikenberry, G. John, ‘Liberalism and Empire: Logics of Order In The American Unipolar Age’, Review of International Studies (2004) Stephen M. Walt, ‘Keeping the World â€Å"Off-Balance†: Self-Restraint and U.S. Foreign Policy’, in Ikenberry, America Unrivalled, pp. 121-154. Charles A. Kupchan, ‘Hollow Hegemony or Stable Multipolarity?’, in G. John Ikenberry (ed.), America Unrivalled: The Future of the Balance of Power (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002), p. 72. According to Kupchan, the European Union is emerging as the main competitor of the United States in a future multipolar international system. Whither American Power? David Held and Mathias Koenig-Archibugi Published in: American Power in the Twentieth-First Century, edited by David Held and Mathias Koenig-Archibugi, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004. Kennedy, Paul, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers’ 1987 Footnotes [1] David Held and Mathias Koenig-Archibugi, ‘Whither American Power?’ In American Power in the Twentieth-First Century [2] G. John, Ikenberry ‘America Unrivalled’ Pp 1 [3] Quoted in Balz 2003, A1 [4] Purdum 2002., 1 [5] Ikenberry [6] Quoted in Craig R. Whitney, ‘NATO at 50’ With Nations at Odds, Is It A Misalliance? New York Times 2, 1999 [7] President of the United States, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Washington D.C.: White House, September 2002), p. 30. [8] G. John Ikenberry [9] Paul Kennedy, ‘The Greatest Superpower Ever’, New Perspectives Quarterly, 19 (2002). [10] Barry R. Posen, ‘Command of the Commons: The Military Foundation of U.S. Hegemony’, International Security, 28 (2003), pp. 5-46, p. 8. [11] On the durability of U.S. supremacy see William C. Wohlforth, ‘The Stability of a Unipolar World’, International Security, 24 (1999), pp. 5–41. [12] Argument was developed by Ikenberry 2001 [13] Marshall and Mann, ‘Goodwill Towards the United States is Dwindling Globally’

A Rebuttal to Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Essay

If there’s one thing that would make the highly religious person infuriated, that one thing would probably be the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin. Quite a rugged assumption but a little true nonetheless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Religion, as a social institution, derives much of its foundations on several bearings; the most important being the Theory of Creationism. Under this theory (or belief?), humanity, the universe and life in general were all created in their original form by an Almighty Being or by an Inevitable Force. Usually, this refers to the deity or deities of a certain commune’s religious beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Theory of Evolution, on the other hand, portends that humanity, or life itself, emerged through a series of trial and errors wherein the fittest species among all others emerged victorious over nature’s anarchic character. The idea of a certain animal â€Å"branching off† from its original species to produce a different kind of breed is what the Theory of Evolution calls Natural Selection. By Natural Selection, the theory explains that certain unique features and/or characteristics possessed by a select few would inevitably allow them/it to have a higher chance of survival against those who do possess none of the same features and/or characteristics. For instance, assume that a species of birds uncannily produce a hatchling that possess a rather larger and longer beak than its original counterparts. By having this feature, the bird is now able to catch and eat more food as compared to the other birds of the same species that possess shorter and smaller (otherwise, â€Å"normal†) beaks. The theory claims that once this unique bird reproduces its own hatchlings, the unique features and characteristics it possessed would most likely be passed on; thus, eventually perpetuating the idea of the introduction of a different kind of species of birds that possess longer and larger beaks. And since having longer and larger beaks enables these birds (those which possess it) to catch, gather and eat more food, the natural balance of the food chain is automatically shifted unequally. Being that the birds with the shorter and smaller beaks will always be outcompeted by the new species with longer and larger beaks, the original species (otherwise, â€Å"old†) will probably end up being extinct. This idea is further supported by the theory’s most famous notion, â€Å"The Survival of the Fittest†. In the simplest sense, the theory states that those who are genetically â€Å"strong† as compared to the others will be the ones who will survive. As applied in the case of the birds, it was the newly developed species which seemed to be the â€Å"fittest† against their original counterparts. As such, their survival was ensured; branching off into a higher level of species and eliminating the rather â€Å"weak† species.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Understanding the Theory of Evolution in its general sense is not an easy task. For one thing, the theory itself is now including several different kinds of supposed facts to support Charles Darwin’s original theory (now referred to as Neo-Darwinism). Furthermore, its underlying principles and hypotheses do not lie alone on biology but also on genetics and others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As if understanding the theory is hard enough, debunking the theory is an even harder task. Supporters of the Creationist Theory will always be under attack by the supporters of the Evolutionist Theory. This unbelievable dedication of faith and belief towards the Theory of Evolution is considered an awesome phenomenon similar to that of Catholicism’s rise as a predominant religion in the late Middle Ages. In other words, the Theory itself, ironically, is now becoming a religion in many ways. Henceforth, as hard as it is to debunk the Creationist Theory, the same will now be likewise to the Evolutionist Theory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Going back to the theory’s initial stages, however, it would seem rather easy to refute Charles Darwin’s findings. Compared to the status of the Theory of Evolution at present, the status of Darwin’s theory in the past (as he presented it) remained attractive to questions of veracity and factuality. For many, though it seemed credible, it was also contestable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First of all, Darwin’s Theory does not explain fully the derivation and/or origins of humankind as deduced from that of primates. Sure, there are many similarities existing between humans and Apes. But the Theory never really explained why or how humankind technically â€Å"branched off† from the original species of primates. Even if we use the notion of â€Å"Survival of the Fittest†, none of the pieces still seem to fit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For instance, let us assume that a group of Chimpanzees produce an offspring that is clearly â€Å"smarter† than the rest of the clan. Now, that offspring immediately becomes the â€Å"fittest† among them. Still, it would be somehow impossible to deduce that this special primate would reproduce a couple more uniquely smart primates that would eventually start an hereditary cycle; causing the almost â€Å"accidental† creation of a new species. Even if that somehow became possible over a course of billions of years, it would still not explain how humankind developed a sense of wearing clothes, cook their food and establish a unique language that is clearly different to that of their original counterparts. Furthermore, some possible explanations regarding the loss of bodily hair, the shortening of the mandibles and other such anatomic inquiries remain in question for the theory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second, the development of a certain organ was never fully explained by the great man himself. Take a look at birds, for instance. The development of birds, from land creatures to fowls of the air, is clearly unsupported by the theory. As the theory explains, evolution occurs overtime through a course of millions of years. If so, how did the development of wings benefit the earliest species of birds? Imagine an ancient â€Å"bird† that started growing small â€Å"wings†. Of course, since these are small, it cannot benefit the animal in any way other than be a burden. As such, the status of â€Å"fittest† is automatically removed. Ultimately, the species – who were just starting to develop their own wings – would’ve become extinct and lost to the supposed â€Å"survival†. On the other hand, looking at the picture the other way around, it seems almost impossible that a group of land creatures would suddenly hatch (or give birth) to an hatchling that naturally or immediately possess wings – it would just not make sense. For the Theory of Evolution – and the notion of â€Å"Survival of the Fittest† – to work, organs and other characteristics must be present at once and not in a continual process that would take billions of years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, the Theory of Evolution never really explained how the complex development of the human mind occurred. Just how exactly did human beings develop a sense of rationalization? How did they come to have a sense of beauty? How about a sense of free will? If humans with mental disabilities continue to breed for thousands of years, would the existence of a unique race of mentally disabled men and women become a possibility? How did evolution come to develop a mind that is so complex and comprehensive as compared to other creatures? These are just some of the questions that truly pose a great threat to the Theory of Evolution (during Darwin’s time at least).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Charles Darwin presented his Theory to the Academic Community, the Theory of Evolution was not as strong as it was today. By all means, it was easily contestable. After a couple of decades, however, the Theory gained so many supporters that even the Scientific Community now almost completely adheres to its principles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Until the adherents of the Theory of Evolution do not find concrete answers to some of the questions posed above, the theory will forever only remain as such – a theory. Similarly, the Creationist Theory also possesses the same dilemma. Clearly, that is one reason why both theories – despite after several decades – still continue to battle each other out for supremacy (which is ironically a pun of the notion â€Å"Survival of the Fittest† itself). Cited Sources: Campbell, J. A. and Meyer, S. C. (2005) Evolution: Debate it. USA Today December 5, 2007 from Dean, C. (2005) Opting Out in the Debate on Evolution. The New York Times December 5, 2007 from Futuyma, D. J. (2005). Evolution. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Scott, E. C. and Branch, G. (2005) Evolution: Just Teach it. USA Today December 5, 2007 from Smith, J. M. (1993) The Theory of Evolution. Cambridge University Press Weiss, R. and Brown, D. (2005) New Analyses Bolster Central Tenets of Evolution Theory Washington Post December 5, 2007 from